Name Region Volume (24h) Fees Fiat money Pairs Top pairs Features News
Seychelles 983,136.64 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.015%
Taker
0.1%
0.032%
103 (36%)
(21%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(250x leverage)
Options contract
10% fee discount
Bitcoin just bounced hard from yesterday’s dump and shot back above $90K, here’s why:
Unknown 796,287.29 BTC
Maker
0.02%
0%
Taker
0.05%
0.0153%
634 (24%)
(22%)
(6%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
20% fee discount
# This might actually be the inflection point (Dec 10 verified)
Unknown 200,350.13 BTC
0.1%
0%




And much more...
2491 (11%)
(11%)
(10%)
Margin trading
20% fee discount
A 10-year-old ETH wallet just woke up — and $4B is moving like we’re about to see something massive
Panama 73,281.80 BTC
Maker
0.03%
0%
Taker
0.05%
0%
15 (77%)
(20%)
(2%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Options contract
10% fee discount
Whales just dropped $2.1B in 24 hours — and …..
Singapore 62,449.12 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.05%
336 (64%)
(20%)
(3%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Account hacked and emptied.
Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines 59,421.05 BTC
Maker
0.08%
0.006%
Taker
0.1%
0.03%
590 (33%)
(32%)
(8%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
Bitget alternatives for Canadians after they stop operating in Canada?
Singapore 46,586.67 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.06%
443 (37%)
(33%)
(6%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Singapore 46,044.00 BTC
0.2%
0.01%
484 (58%)
(15%)
(2%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU IND) issues notices for non-compliance to 25 offshore Virtual Digital Assets Service providers (VDA SPs) under Section 13 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PML) Act, 2002
Singapore 41,926.45 BTC
Maker
0%
0%
Taker
0.01%
0%
2530 (28%)
(28%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
Seychelles 39,371.46 BTC 0.2% 247 (86%)
(4%)
(2%)
Happy to announce another listing
Seychelles 37,991.52 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.0094%
Taker
0.2%
0.0163%


669 (10%)
(6%)
(4%)
20% fee discount $5.7 BILLION moved in 24 hours — and one transaction is genuinely mind-blowing
Singapore 37,068.90 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.3%
0.044%


611 (38%)
(21%)
(20%)
The centralized exchanges that support Algorand
Singapore 36,732.94 BTC
Maker
0.06%
0.02%
Taker
0.07%
0.06%
1073 (56%)
(6%)
(2%)
Up to $3,000
in rewards
Bitrue exchange brings accessible AI trading to its 40 million global user base
Hong-Kong 36,118.14 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.005%
Taker
0.1%
0.02%


1217 (36%)
(13%)
(4%)
Mixers vs Monero bridging. Is it even safe to use mixers anymore?
Singapore 35,964.79 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.2%
0.01%
638 (28%)
(17%)
(8%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Options contract
$30,000 Deposit
Rewards
It's been a big week for DeFi ; Here are 10 massive changes you might've missed:
Cayman-Islands 35,186.26 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.02%


4516 (39%)
(17%)
(4%)
20% fee discount Top Crypto Exchanges donated Over HK$79 Million for Hong Kong Tai Po Fire Victims
United-Arab-Emirates 32,797.44 BTC
0.2%
0.02%
1533 (28%)
(28%)
(8%)
Margin trading
20% fee discount
The centralized exchanges that support Algorand
Cayman-Islands 32,023.18 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.0338%
1182 (37%)
(36%)
(1%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Up to $3,000
in rewards
🚀 BitMart US Now Supports ACH Deposits & Withdrawals — and it’s 100% FREE.
Seychelles 31,487.97 BTC
Maker
0.18%
-0.01%
Taker
0.36%
0.03%


700 (26%)
(26%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
A 10-year-old ETH wallet just woke up — and $4B is moving like we’re about to see something massive
Australia 29,734.93 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.0125%
Taker
0.2%
0.0375%
515 (46%)
(20%)
(4%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
🪸 LAST WEEK AT REEF 🪸 Friday, May 9, 2025
United-States-of-America 28,573.24 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.6%
0.05%


484 (33%)
(17%)
(7%)
Margin trading
Stop orders
API sandbox
A 10-year-old ETH wallet just woke up — and $4B is moving like we’re about to see something massive
Singapore 28,176.21 BTC
0.3%
0.1%
342 (77%)
(10%)
(3%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
I'm done trusting chart performance. What are the true long-term fundamentals for an exchange? I'm wondering if a platform like BYDFi is the answer.
Singapore 26,412.42 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.2%
0.08%
786 (36%)
(33%)
(3%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Three New Listings For Zano!
Indonesia 24,458.23 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.1%
Taker
0.21%
0.11%

41 (48%)
(18%)
(8%)
Review Aplikasi Reku
Canada 22,225.49 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.06%
1138 (42%)
(25%)
(4%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Bullish ⏰ to buy
Canada 22,042.48 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.04%
Taker
0.1%
0.006%
806 (34%)
(26%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Hege on Bifinance and more! Welcome to this week in $HEGE
Seychelles 21,943.60 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.006%
Taker
0.2%
0.03%
842 (28%)
(28%)
(6%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
The centralized exchanges that support Algorand
Seychelles 20,785.08 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.016%
Taker
0.1%
0.0256%


764 (34%)
(16%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
20% fee discount
Amazon’s $75B India Investment, Co‑CEO Trend, and What It Means for the Future
Estonia 20,678.74 BTC 0.15%
156 (22%)
(18%)
(13%)
FITOCHAIN PRESALE NOW
Singapore 17,946.93 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.05%
1066 (28%)
(24%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(150x leverage)
5% fee discount
Unified Economic Layers are Crucial for GameFi Interoperability
Estonia 17,829.27 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.01%
Taker
0.1%
0.035%

762 (15%)
(13%)
(3%)
Margin trading 🆕 Dash Perpetual Contract listed on Whitebit
United-States-of-America 17,040.97 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0%
Taker
0.4%
0.001%


1361 (13%)
(10%)
(10%)
Futures contract
(50x leverage)
Margin trading
Dark pool
BitGo Instant
Why Pepecoin ($PEP) Is Becoming One of the Most Talked-About Projects in Crypto
Unknown 16,918.39 BTC
0.15%
0.05%

138 (61%)
(23%)
(4%)
Futures contract
(10x leverage)
⤵️ Community daily tasks | 14/6/24
Panama 16,266.62 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.005%
Taker
0.2%
0.07%

1012 (31%)
(26%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Margin trading
10% fee discount
💪 Poloniex exchange announces support for the upcoming eCash (XEC) network upgrade! ⚙️
Lithuania 15,192.22 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.01%
Taker
0.2%
0.1%

163 (28%)
(27%)
(23%)
Singapore 15,105.77 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.015%
Taker
0.2%
0.02%
752 (41%)
(33%)
(5%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
We are 3rd in top 10 gain on ascendex exchange
United-States-of-America 15,027.26 BTC
Maker
0.02%
0%
Taker
0.05%
0.01%
330 (35%)
(34%)
(8%)
Futures contract
(50x leverage)
Kraken: TRX Added to Futures Contracts Next Week
South-Korea 14,951.86 BTC
0.25%
0.05%

664 (17%)
(16%)
(13%)
South Korea to impose bank-level liability on crypto exchanges after Upbit hack: Report
Cayman-Islands 14,295.66 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.0325%
488 (35%)
(23%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(150x leverage)
5% fee discount
Seychelles 8,958.39 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.05%
360 (11%)
(7%)
(6%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Links and Additional Resources
British-Virgin-Islands 8,150.00 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.036%


1231 (27%)
(21%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Medium Article Analysis
South-Korea 8,132.11 BTC
0.25%
0%
444 (15%)
(11%)
(11%)
Listing Nano on Korean Exchanges... PLEASE`~
Singapore 8,026.59 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.06%
Taker
0.2%
0.07%
261 (30%)
(25%)
(17%)
Margin trading
10% fee discount
United-Kingdom 7,470.85 BTC
Maker
0.3%
0%
Taker
0.4%
0.006%



266 (54%)
(11%)
(6%)
Stop order
Ripple gateway
BitGo Instant
More proof of residence pending
Singapore 6,502.92 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.0325%

625 (27%)
(18%)
(5%)
Margin trading [UPDATE] MEXC's Response Confirms Mathematical Impossibility - They're Using WRONG DATA
Ukraine 5,936.79 BTC 0.2%
121 (65%)
(6%)
(6%)
Qmall
Spain 4,840.75 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0%
Taker
0.6%
0.001%



314 (25%)
(14%)
(13%)
Where and how to buy RUJI?
United-Kingdom 4,763.10 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.55%
0.02%

133 (45%)
(18%)
(13%)
¿cual es la exchange con menor comisión o como hacen para bajar sus comisiones?
Singapore 3,922.41 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.04%
Taker
0.1%
0.06%
221 (43%)
(19%)
(8%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
Liquidity and Trading Options: BTCC vs Deepcoin - Which Exchange Offers More?
Netherlands 3,148.08 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.25%
0.01%


437 (31%)
(13%)
(9%)
TOSHI now available at Bitvavo!
Poland 3,021.91 BTC
Maker
0.49%
0%
Taker
0.98%
0.04%
1230 (53%)
(20%)
(19%)
$50 credit Another major exchange (LATOKEN) has decided to list both Zano and fUSD!
United-States-of-America 3,017.04 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0%
Taker
0.4%
0.03%

389 (14%)
(14%)
(14%)
API sandbox Gemini “security hold” my crypto for a month now
Hong-Kong 2,596.50 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.04%

1512 (31%)
(14%)
(7%)
Margin trading
Stop Limit
Futures contract
7.5% fee discount
How to buy Pepecoin ($PEP) on CoinEx
Turkey 2,471.72 BTC
Maker
0.12%
0.01%
Taker
0.2%
0.01%

345 (22%)
(7%)
(6%)
Your Daily Bitcoin Breakdown newsletter is now live. Check out today’s Top Stories and a sneak peek at the latest Quick Bits snippets. Full issue link is in the comments.
Unknown 2,421.99 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.01%
Taker
0.25%
0.04%
1102 (31%)
(22%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Margin trading
SaucerSwap (SAUCE) is now live on HitBTC
Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis 2,355.13 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.031%
Taker
0.5%
0.031%

654 (31%)
(22%)
(8%)
BCH market
Margin trading
Futures contract
(75x leverage)
Malta 2,322.40 BTC
0.1%
0.01%

157 (32%)
(23%)
(8%)
6 years and many more to come
Chile 2,188.38 BTC
Maker
0.28%
0.04%
Taker
0.59%
0.06%


119 (34%)
(24%)
(8%)
USDC dispara no radar dos investidores: descubra agora o valor da stablecoin que não para de crescer!
Seychelles 2,066.94 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.03%
345 (36%)
(26%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
British-Virgin-Islands 1,834.43 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.015%
Taker
0.2%
0.02%


234 (41%)
(20%)
(20%)
Margin trading
BitGo Instant
The Parallel Rehypothecation Risks in Bitcoin ETFs and USDT Treasury Buying: How Two Synthetic Leverage Engines Could Unwind Together
Turkey 1,686.90 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0%
Taker
0.35%
0.06%

258 (4%)
(4%)
(4%)
44 Million XRP Vanishes from Turkish Exchange as Mega Bull Signals Flash
Japan 1,436.41 BTC
0.1%
0.03%
8 (68%)
(29%)
(2%)
Margin trading
(15x leverage)
Outflows climbing. Exchanges thinning. Binance crowned #1 — Coinbase pushed aside.
Switzerland 1,308.17 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.015%
Taker
0.2%
0.0263%
495 (5%)
(5%)
(3%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
GoMining: 2017 vs. Heute
Estonia 1,184.79 BTC 0.2% 61 (9%)
(8%)
(7%)
Ethereum erush listed on new crypto exchange Share EER 📈📊📈❕❗❕❗ Buy - sell and start ethereum erush mining https://bitspay.io/trade/EER_BTC
Indonesia 1,176.87 BTC
Maker
0.31%
0.246%
Taker
0.31%
0.258%

958 (15%)
(6%)
(2%)
Pertanyaan buat yang nge trade di binance lalu wd di tokocrypto
South-Korea 1,133.98 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0%
Taker
0.2%
0.01%
393 (39%)
(13%)
(11%)
Margin trading XRP's Korean Institutional Gateway Just Went Live
Argentina 1,072.08 BTC 0.1% 15 (37%)
(37%)
(10%)
RWA Inc: Enabling Businesses To Unlock Liquidity
United-Kingdom 969.53 BTC
Maker
0.3%
-0.05%
Taker
0.3%
0.02%




And much more...
208 (18%)
(7%)
(7%)
GoMining: 2017 vs. Heute
Japan 950.42 BTC
Maker
0.05%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0%
25 (84%)
(11%)
(3%)
Interest on deposit Kraken earnings and Crypto.com revenue guesstimates
Seychelles 943.10 BTC
Maker
0.08%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.03%
152 (24%)
(17%)
(15%)
Futures contract
(50x leverage)
Options contract
WTS Gems - Multiple Series (1,2,3,4,Space)
Japan 835.19 BTC
0.12%
-0.02%
62 (30%)
(25%)
(20%)
Another listing … Expected
Thailand 612.57 BTC 0.25%
249 (45%)
(16%)
(11%)
How do buyers from Thailand pay Andiot Watches? Wise & USDT failed, Western Union blocked (need advice)
Japan 527.66 BTC
0.05%
-0.01%
17 (40%)
(31%)
(13%)
Margin trading
Unknown 522.10 BTC
0.2%
0.06%
353 (22%)
(22%)
(11%)
No KYC required ESMA redirect when buying Monero in the EU/UK
Mexico 452.33 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0.04%
Taker
0.65%
0.05%


99 (39%)
(8%)
(8%)
Cab driver better than Americans
Thailand 405.35 BTC
0.25%
0.1%

635 (33%)
(16%)
(6%)
GoMining: My Ultimate Review and why You Should Invest!
Taiwan 389.42 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.01%
Taker
0.2%
0.036%

33 (55%)
(9%)
(7%)
How do you stay ahead of silent exchange hacks and wallet drains?
South-Africa 280.40 BTC
Maker
0%
-0.01%
Taker
0.1%
0.01%

155 (72%)
(12%)
(3%)
The Fed Cut Interest Rate Again, and Bitcoin Price Reacted Immediately
India 265.54 BTC 0.25%
290 (11%)
(11%)
(9%)
106 spot exchange listings $TURBO
Australia 179.54 BTC
0.5%
0.02%
164 (40%)
(19%)
(5%)
South-Africa 168.72 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.6%
0.03%


134 (19%)
(17%)
(10%)
United-States-of-America 134.46 BTC
Maker
0.38%
0%
Taker
0.57%
0.0475%
245 (17%)
(12%)
(11%)
# This might actually be the inflection point (Dec 10 verified)
Brazil 130.92 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0.015%
Taker
0.5%
0.1%


615 (43%)
(26%)
(21%)
What is this AscendEX price?
Brazil 120.41 BTC
Maker
0.3%
0.015%
Taker
0.7%
0.25%


382 (25%)
(24%)
(9%)
🚨 New $SWEAT Listing LIVE 🚨
Brazil 109.91 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0.02%
Taker
0.5%
0.15%


136 (30%)
(26%)
(12%)
Não sei onde meu pouquinho de bitcoin foi parar
South-Korea 78.84 BTC
Maker
0.05%
0%
Taker
0.15%
0.05%
5 (48%)
(27%)
(23%)
BitGo Instant Listing Nano on Korean Exchanges... PLEASE`~
Australia 72.84 BTC
0.2%
-0.05%

42 (52%)
(27%)
(9%)
Pay ID held 25hra
Brazil 63.69 BTC
0.2%
0%


192 (43%)
(39%)
(10%)
Cadastro via PIX
India 48.97 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0.008%
Taker
0.5%
0.035%

418 (20%)
(9%)
(8%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
Indian crypto exchanges are investing in startups instead of fixing their product… and it makes zero sense
Canada 47.95 BTC 0.2%
75 (24%)
(16%)
(12%)
blockchain technology transaction failure?
Estonia 43.43 BTC
Maker
0.3%
0%
Taker
0.45%
0.01%


175 (21%)
(19%)
(12%)
Nawrocki is in the final stretch, with the full support of the Trumpists and the Confederation.
Brazil 42.74 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.05%
Taker
0.5%
0.12%


87 (27%)
(15%)
(14%)
Pagamento de
boletos
South-Korea 37.33 BTC 0.2%
132 CLE(18%)
(18%)
(15%)
Binance has reportedly completed its acquisition of local crypto exchange Gopax - BINANCE BACK IN SOUTH KOREA!
Brazil 33.61 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0%
Taker
0.5%
0.1%



142 (34%)
(24%)
(11%)
United-Arab-Emirates 32.61 BTC 0.1% 16 (32%)
(27%)
(13%)
New Exchange poll
Japan 26.10 BTC
0.1%
0.05%
7 (74%)
(14%)
(7%)
I was scammed and lost $52k through BTC Box skinned site/app.
Panama 21.24 BTC
5%
0%




And much more...
61 (28%)
(19%)
(17%)
No KYC required
Reputation system
Escrow
10% fee discount
Czech-Republic 20.47 BTC
Maker
0.4%
-0.04%
Taker
0.6%
0.1%

15 (34%)
(34%)
(7%)
Manual Crypto Arbitrage
India 19.74 BTC
0.25%
0.03%

224 (37%)
(20%)
(13%)
Last Day to File ITR — Check Your 26AS for Crypto Trades 🚨
Nigeria 18.81 BTC
0.3%
0.1%

92 (75%)
(7%)
(5%)
Nigeria vs. Binance: A Landmark Legal Battle in Crypto Regulation
South-Korea 15.83 BTC
0.2%
0.03%

61 (23%)
SVT(7%)
(7%)
United-States-of-America 15.19 BTC 0.1%
4 (84%)
(15%)
(0%)
Be aware of different transaction history on your pionex.us mobile app and website. Your profit is not final what it shows on your account using website is way different than using mobile app. Check yours and compare them.
Japan 12.12 BTC
0.3%
0%
35 (62%)
(35%)
(1%)
Crypto.com is back to No.2
Netherlands 11.84 BTC 0.8%
1 (100%)
Unknown 8.92 BTC
0.03%
-0.005%
29 (82%)
(6%)
(3%)
Decentralized [1168 Spoilers] Timeline - Everything we learned so far in this flashback
Croatia 6.63 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.05%
Taker
0.5%
0.05%


49 (28%)
(10%)
(9%)
Stop limit Cryptocurrency Exchanges - Bullseye.io
India 4.78 BTC
0.4%
0.1%

500 (18%)
(14%)
(10%)
Stop Limit Crypto is unironically the best way to save some assets from a possible marital dispute?
India 4.56 BTC 0.2%
114 (35%)
(27%)
(4%)
ARK added to Bitcoiva exchange
Chile 4.22 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0.1%
Taker
0.8%
0.2%
7 (90%)
(5%)
(3%)
r/Bitcoin recap - October 2018
Italy 3.62 BTC 0%

10 (33%)
(31%)
(13%)
United-Kingdom 2.93 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.25%
0.01%



337 (18%)
(13%)
(11%)
Margin trading
GHS Trading
Cloud Mining
Credit/Debit cards
Crypto.com is back to No.2
Thailand 2.82 BTC 0.25%
55 (47%)
(30%)
(14%)
XRP Tops Thailand's Asset Performance Charts for 9th Consecutive Month
India 0.44 BTC
0.3%
0.2%

188 (24%)
(20%)
(15%)
Bitcoin Meetup: Stories from Bitcoiners who saw it at ₹500 [Tomorrow, 6th Sept]
United-Kingdom 0.35 BTC 0%
5 (73%)
(24%)
(1%)
Brainstorming and collating information and sources to aid us in the upcoming battle in the UK over exchanges criminally delisting BSV.
United-Kingdom 0.19 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.45%
0.06%

12 (96%)
(1%)
(1%)
Margin trading
Brazil 0.03 BTC
0.5%
0.1%

69 (54%)
(12%)
(7%)
The latest Bitcoin Breakdown newsletter issue is now live. See a sneak peek of the Quick Bits and Quick Media sections below. Full issue link is in the comments.
Germany 0.01 BTC 0.4% 88 (51%)
(24%)
LAN(11%)
Brazil 0.01 BTC 0.12%
1 (100%)
Brazil 0.01 BTC 0.2%
1 (100%)
New-Zealand 0.00 BTC
0.8%
0.4%
1 (100%) Floating Orders Kiwi-Coin (Est. 2014) Shuts Jan 1, 2026 - NZ OG BTC Exchange Latest De-Risking Casualty
Unknown 0 BTC 0.2% 42 No KYC required
Slovenia 0 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0.01%
Taker
0.5%
0.03%


0 Mining What are you guys doing with NiceHash payouts? Hold, sell, or DCA into other coins?
Indonesia 0 BTC
Maker
0.21%
0.2%
Taker
0.31%
0.3%

487 Recent Reported Crypto Investment Platforms and How to Report Them
Australia 0 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.01%
Taker
0.1%
0.01%
104 Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Isle-of-Man 0 BTC 1%
2 Credit/Debit cards Do people here not use cryptoexchanges to buy bitcoin?
Brazil 0 BTC 0% 44 August Report for Brazil Proposal
127 exchanges from 42 countries (updated )