Name Region Volume (24h) Fees Fiat money Pairs Top pairs Features News
Seychelles 470,847.96 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.015%
Taker
0.1%
0.032%
109 (47%)
(13%)
(10%)
Futures contract
(250x leverage)
Options contract
10% fee discount
Your Daily Bitcoin Breakdown newsletter is now live. Check out today’s Top Stories and a sneak peek at the latest Opinion & Analysis pieces. Full issue link is in the comments.
Unknown 453,254.88 BTC
Maker
0.02%
0%
Taker
0.05%
0.0153%
643 (25%)
(19%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
20% fee discount
Unknown 121,357.11 BTC
0.1%
0%




And much more...
2503 (14%)
(13%)
(9%)
Margin trading
20% fee discount
🚨 Bitcoin Custody Shuffle + ETH Exchange Inflows + $1B USDT Mint = Institutions Are Moving. Here’s What It Means.
Singapore 37,320.24 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.05%
329 (69%)
(19%)
(2%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Best GRID Bot for Crypto Trading According to Reddit
Panama 36,856.51 BTC
Maker
0.03%
0%
Taker
0.05%
0%
15 (87%)
(9%)
(2%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Options contract
10% fee discount
Bitcoin faces record $23.8B options expiry amid holiday trading 💰🔥
Singapore 35,102.09 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.06%
451 (43%)
(34%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Saint-Vincent-and-the-Grenadines 32,836.59 BTC
Maker
0.08%
0.006%
Taker
0.1%
0.03%
617 (33%)
(28%)
(8%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
What is the Best Crypto Exchange in Canada to Use in 2026? (Big Discussion)
Cayman-Islands 32,244.74 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.0338%
1153 (58%)
(15%)
(1%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Up to $3,000
in rewards
Renegade (RNG token & NFTs) – missed listings, roadmap removed, NFT utilities never delivered
Singapore 29,932.48 BTC
Maker
0.06%
0.02%
Taker
0.07%
0.06%
1017 (57%)
(7%)
(2%)
Up to $3,000
in rewards
$RUJI token explained - FAQ
Cayman-Islands 29,016.33 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.02%


4529 (45%)
(19%)
(3%)
20% fee discount Top Crypto Exchanges donated Over HK$79 Million for Hong Kong Tai Po Fire Victims
Australia 26,744.97 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.0125%
Taker
0.2%
0.0375%
493 (38%)
(35%)
(2%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
🪸 LAST WEEK AT REEF 🪸 Friday, May 9, 2025
Singapore 26,701.92 BTC
0.2%
0.01%
479 (63%)
(10%)
(2%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU IND) issues notices for non-compliance to 25 offshore Virtual Digital Assets Service providers (VDA SPs) under Section 13 of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PML) Act, 2002
Hong-Kong 26,494.88 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.06%
1137 (25%)
(14%)
(13%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
15% fee discount
The biggest companies don’t lose to competitors — they lose to the future. Cryptocurrencies are the past. Quantumcurrencies are Future. Bitcoin 2.0 but designed for the future.
Indonesia 25,750.60 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.1%
Taker
0.21%
0.11%

42 (49%)
(18%)
(8%)
Review Aplikasi Reku
Seychelles 25,652.26 BTC 0.2% 245 (85%)
(3%)
(3%)
AzBit Crypto Exchange Announces PATOS Listing
Singapore 25,360.56 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.2%
0.01%
629 (42%)
(10%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Options contract
$30,000 Deposit
Rewards
GOOD ARTICLES
Seychelles 25,140.11 BTC
Maker
0%
0%
Taker
0.01%
0%
2501 (30%)
(22%)
(4%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
Canada 24,840.76 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.06%
1144 (51%)
(27%)
(4%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Why I honestly believe Solfart ($SOLF) is setting up for a 50x run in Q3.
Hong-Kong 22,731.09 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.005%
Taker
0.1%
0.02%


1180 (35%)
(29%)
(3%)
United-Arab-Emirates 22,324.45 BTC
0.2%
0.02%
1598 (25%)
(19%)
(5%)
Margin trading
20% fee discount
The centralized exchanges that support Algorand
Seychelles 21,293.19 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.0094%
Taker
0.2%
0.0163%


659 (13%)
(5%)
(4%)
20% fee discount GOOD ARTICLES
United-States-of-America 18,421.67 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.6%
0.05%


481 (36%)
(16%)
(6%)
Margin trading
Stop orders
API sandbox
🚨 Bitcoin Custody Shuffle + ETH Exchange Inflows + $1B USDT Mint = Institutions Are Moving. Here’s What It Means.
Canada 18,291.21 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.04%
Taker
0.1%
0.006%
805 (34%)
(31%)
(8%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Hege on Bifinance and more! Welcome to this week in $HEGE
Seychelles 16,950.92 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.05%
364 (39%)
(29%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Non FIU crypto exchanges
Singapore 16,603.50 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.3%
0.044%


607 (40%)
(22%)
(19%)
Late on rent type of parlay 🤣what yall think.
Singapore 15,606.09 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.015%
Taker
0.2%
0.02%
754 (41%)
(34%)
(5%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
This is what a real blockchain ecosystem looks like
Seychelles 14,846.91 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.016%
Taker
0.1%
0.0256%


726 (46%)
(14%)
(3%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
20% fee discount
Singapore 14,808.98 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.2%
0.08%
788 (35%)
(24%)
(5%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Three New Listings For Zano!
Seychelles 14,124.93 BTC
Maker
0.18%
-0.01%
Taker
0.36%
0.03%


693 (28%)
(20%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Top DEX Aggregators on Solana by 30-Day Trading Volume (as of Dec 26, 2025)
Unknown 12,611.01 BTC
0.15%
0.05%

137 (71%)
(13%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(10x leverage)
⤵️ Community daily tasks | 14/6/24
Singapore 12,488.81 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.02%
Taker
0.1%
0.05%
1039 (36%)
(18%)
(10%)
Futures contract
(150x leverage)
5% fee discount
BingX refused to pay $750 for approved influencer video – misleading KOL practices
Seychelles 12,240.56 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.006%
Taker
0.2%
0.03%
857 (29%)
(22%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
The centralized exchanges that support Algorand
Estonia 11,999.26 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.01%
Taker
0.1%
0.035%

759 (16%)
(10%)
(3%)
Margin trading 🆕 Dash Perpetual Contract listed on Whitebit
United-States-of-America 11,418.92 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0%
Taker
0.4%
0.001%


1377 (15%)
(11%)
(10%)
Futures contract
(50x leverage)
Margin trading
Dark pool
BitGo Instant
Panama 10,899.44 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.005%
Taker
0.2%
0.07%

1003 (33%)
(22%)
(10%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Margin trading
10% fee discount
Estonia 9,882.53 BTC 0.15%
156 (21%)
(18%)
(13%)
FITOCHAIN PRESALE NOW
South-Korea 9,644.61 BTC
0.25%
0.05%

670 (9%)
(7%)
(5%)
Mirae Asset Group Eyes Korbit Acquisition, Challenging Market Leaders
Lithuania 9,184.65 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.01%
Taker
0.2%
0.1%

159 (29%)
(29%)
(19%)
Cayman-Islands 7,120.13 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.0325%
483 (39%)
(18%)
(10%)
Futures contract
(150x leverage)
5% fee discount
What is the Best Crypto Exchange in Canada to Use in 2026? (Big Discussion)
Singapore 6,428.02 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.0325%

636 (32%)
(13%)
(8%)
Margin trading [UPDATE] MEXC's Response Confirms Mathematical Impossibility - They're Using WRONG DATA
British-Virgin-Islands 5,813.27 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.036%


1216 (29%)
(22%)
(3%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Medium Article Analysis
South-Korea 5,633.51 BTC
0.25%
0%
447 (10%)
(9%)
(7%)
Mirae Asset Group Eyes Korbit Acquisition, Challenging Market Leaders
United-States-of-America 5,512.33 BTC
Maker
0.02%
0%
Taker
0.05%
0.01%
340 (48%)
(22%)
(6%)
Futures contract
(50x leverage)
Kraken: TRX Added to Futures Contracts Next Week
United-Kingdom 4,463.00 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.55%
0.02%

133 (45%)
(17%)
(13%)
¿cual es la exchange con menor comisión o como hacen para bajar sus comisiones?
Singapore 4,065.42 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.06%
Taker
0.2%
0.07%
262 (33%)
(21%)
(15%)
Margin trading
10% fee discount
Crypto exchange BigONE hacked for over $27 million in hot wallet exploit
United-Kingdom 3,699.41 BTC
Maker
0.3%
0%
Taker
0.4%
0.006%



278 (48%)
(11%)
(6%)
Stop order
Ripple gateway
BitGo Instant
Bitstamp corporate funds locked with no explanation or timelines
Spain 3,520.97 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0%
Taker
0.6%
0.001%



314 (37%)
(18%)
(15%)
Where and how to buy RUJI?
Poland 3,312.72 BTC
Maker
0.49%
0%
Taker
0.98%
0.04%
1230 (59%)
(22%)
(15%)
$50 credit Another major exchange (LATOKEN) has decided to list both Zano and fUSD!
United-States-of-America 2,870.74 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0%
Taker
0.4%
0.03%

397 (18%)
(18%)
(18%)
API sandbox Are "inside" shoes a thing?
British-Virgin-Islands 2,859.03 BTC 0%

234 (33%)
(25%)
(17%)
Margin trading
BitGo Instant
🚨 Bitcoin Custody Shuffle + ETH Exchange Inflows + $1B USDT Mint = Institutions Are Moving. Here’s What It Means.
Ukraine 2,681.32 BTC 0.2%
121 (58%)
(10%)
(7%)
Qmall
Brazil 2,580.08 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0%
Taker
0.5%
0.1%



142 (99%)
(0%)
(0%)
Singapore 1,842.94 BTC
0.3%
0.1%
348 (52%)
(11%)
(3%)
Futures contract
(200x leverage)
Are exchange copy trading features actually reliable? Does the BYDFi copy trading feature actually work?
Singapore 1,821.33 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.04%
Taker
0.1%
0.06%
204 (30%)
(27%)
(5%)
Futures contract
(125x leverage)
Liquidity and Trading Options: BTCC vs Deepcoin - Which Exchange Offers More?
Netherlands 1,752.28 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.25%
0.01%


440 (38%)
(11%)
(7%)
South-Korea 1,557.49 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0%
Taker
0.2%
0.01%
394 (43%)
(22%)
(20%)
Margin trading
Unknown 1,206.10 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.01%
Taker
0.25%
0.04%
1105 (29%)
(18%)
(6%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Margin trading
SaucerSwap (SAUCE) is now live on HitBTC
Saint-Kitts-and-Nevis 1,170.62 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.031%
Taker
0.5%
0.031%

654 (31%)
(19%)
(6%)
BCH market
Margin trading
Futures contract
(75x leverage)
Hong-Kong 1,165.60 BTC
Maker
0.2%
-0.02%
Taker
0.2%
0.04%

1493 (30%)
(8%)
(7%)
Margin trading
Stop Limit
Futures contract
7.5% fee discount
Polymarket froze my USDT deposit
Turkey 1,145.55 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0%
Taker
0.35%
0.06%

262 (7%)
(6%)
(5%)
44 Million XRP Vanishes from Turkish Exchange as Mega Bull Signals Flash
Malta 1,135.59 BTC
0.1%
0.01%

157 (32%)
(19%)
(6%)
6 years and many more to come
Indonesia 1,047.88 BTC
Maker
0.31%
0.246%
Taker
0.31%
0.258%

949 (3%)
(3%)
(2%)
Pertanyaan buat yang nge trade di binance lalu wd di tokocrypto
United-Kingdom 1,047.28 BTC
Maker
0.3%
-0.05%
Taker
0.3%
0.02%




And much more...
197 (17%)
(8%)
(7%)
Seychelles 1,017.37 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.03%
345 (36%)
(22%)
(7%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Chile 1,001.09 BTC
Maker
0.28%
0.04%
Taker
0.59%
0.06%


119 (36%)
(22%)
(7%)
USDC dispara no radar dos investidores: descubra agora o valor da stablecoin que não para de crescer!
Turkey 770.36 BTC
Maker
0.12%
0.01%
Taker
0.2%
0.01%

345 (7%)
(6%)
(5%)
Your Daily Bitcoin Breakdown newsletter is now live. Check out today’s Top Stories and a sneak peek at the latest Quick Bits snippets. Full issue link is in the comments.
Switzerland 711.14 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.015%
Taker
0.2%
0.0263%
495 (4%)
(4%)
(4%)
Futures contract
(100x leverage)
GoMining: 2017 vs. Heute
Japan 694.18 BTC
Maker
0.05%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0%
25 (91%)
(5%)
(2%)
Interest on deposit Safest Crypto Exchange in my opinion
Estonia 666.99 BTC 0.2% 61 (9%)
(8%)
(7%)
Ethereum erush listed on new crypto exchange Share EER 📈📊📈❕❗❕❗ Buy - sell and start ethereum erush mining https://bitspay.io/trade/EER_BTC
Japan 604.30 BTC
0.12%
-0.02%
62 (34%)
(21%)
(18%)
Another listing … Expected
Japan 506.69 BTC
0.1%
0.03%
8 (76%)
(19%)
(4%)
Margin trading
(15x leverage)
Outflows climbing. Exchanges thinning. Binance crowned #1 — Coinbase pushed aside.
Argentina 424.54 BTC 0.1% 15 (43%)
(28%)
(10%)
RWA Inc: Enabling Businesses To Unlock Liquidity
Seychelles 406.96 BTC
Maker
0.08%
0%
Taker
0.1%
0.03%
34 (46%)
(26%)
(9%)
Futures contract
(50x leverage)
Options contract
WTS Gems - Multiple Series (1,2,3,4,Space)
Mexico 392.34 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0.04%
Taker
0.65%
0.05%


99 (11%)
(11%)
(11%)
Cab driver better than Americans
India 363.87 BTC 0.25%
287 (10%)
(8%)
(7%)
Japan 353.11 BTC
0.05%
-0.01%
17 (41%)
(24%)
(15%)
Margin trading
Thailand 319.24 BTC 0.25%
249 (45%)
(13%)
(8%)
Unknown 284.03 BTC
0.2%
0.06%
345 (25%)
(20%)
(5%)
No KYC required 🐸🌿💨
Taiwan 222.03 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.01%
Taker
0.2%
0.036%

35 (62%)
(15%)
(8%)
How do you stay ahead of silent exchange hacks and wallet drains?
Thailand 209.53 BTC
0.25%
0.1%

626 (50%)
(12%)
(4%)
GoMining: My Ultimate Review and why You Should Invest!
South-Africa 202.65 BTC
Maker
0%
-0.01%
Taker
0.1%
0.01%

159 (78%)
(6%)
(2%)
The Fed Cut Interest Rate Again, and Bitcoin Price Reacted Immediately
Australia 152.54 BTC
0.5%
0.02%
164 (56%)
(16%)
(4%)
Brazil 129.27 BTC
Maker
0.3%
0.015%
Taker
0.7%
0.25%


366 (29%)
(23%)
(16%)
🚨 New $SWEAT Listing LIVE 🚨
United-States-of-America 114.65 BTC
Maker
0.38%
0%
Taker
0.57%
0.0475%
223 (21%)
(18%)
(16%)
🚨 Bitcoin Custody Shuffle + ETH Exchange Inflows + $1B USDT Mint = Institutions Are Moving. Here’s What It Means.
Brazil 113.65 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0.015%
Taker
0.5%
0.1%


615 (45%)
(24%)
(24%)
What is this AscendEX price?
Australia 108.89 BTC
0.2%
-0.05%

42 (82%)
(7%)
(3%)
Pay ID held 25hra
South-Africa 82.12 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.6%
0.03%


134 (25%)
(19%)
(9%)
Brazil 69.87 BTC
0.2%
0%


195 (50%)
(38%)
(4%)
Cadastro via PIX
South-Korea 54.79 BTC 0.2%
135 (35%)
(23%)
(20%)
Binance has reportedly completed its acquisition of local crypto exchange Gopax - BINANCE BACK IN SOUTH KOREA!
Brazil 54.75 BTC
Maker
0.25%
0.02%
Taker
0.5%
0.15%


137 (42%)
(38%)
(3%)
I know Google reviews are rigged but I just can't prove it
Estonia 52.71 BTC
Maker
0.3%
0%
Taker
0.45%
0.01%


175 (25%)
(13%)
(13%)
Nawrocki is in the final stretch, with the full support of the Trumpists and the Confederation.
Brazil 44.76 BTC
Maker
0.2%
0.05%
Taker
0.5%
0.12%


68 (35%)
(31%)
(17%)
Pagamento de
boletos
South-Korea 38.16 BTC
Maker
0.05%
0%
Taker
0.15%
0.05%
5 (48%)
(33%)
(17%)
BitGo Instant Mirae Asset Group Eyes Korbit Acquisition, Challenging Market Leaders
India 31.79 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0.008%
Taker
0.5%
0.035%

417 (27%)
(13%)
(5%)
Margin trading
Futures contract
crypto in india: no matter what you choose, tax always winsy
Canada 27.78 BTC 0.2%
75 (34%)
(24%)
(11%)
Netherlands 23.34 BTC 0.8%
1 (100%)
Panama 22.40 BTC
5%
0%




And much more...
68 (26%)
(18%)
(12%)
No KYC required
Reputation system
Escrow
10% fee discount
India 21.05 BTC
0.25%
0.03%

224 (35%)
(25%)
(11%)
Last Day to File ITR — Check Your 26AS for Crypto Trades 🚨
Japan 15.94 BTC
0.3%
0%
35 (57%)
(37%)
(2%)
Crypto.com is back to No.2
United-Arab-Emirates 15.64 BTC 0.1% 16 (67%)
(9%)
(4%)
New Exchange poll
Czech-Republic 12.69 BTC
Maker
0.4%
-0.04%
Taker
0.6%
0.1%

15 (56%)
(24%)
(9%)
Manual Crypto Arbitrage
South-Korea 11.87 BTC
0.2%
0.03%

52 (33%)
(14%)
(6%)
December 11, 1941: World War 2 News Full Coverage - Minneapolis Morning Tribune
Japan 11.16 BTC
0.1%
0.05%
7 (67%)
(21%)
(5%)
I was scammed and lost $52k through BTC Box skinned site/app.
Croatia 6.24 BTC
Maker
0.1%
0.05%
Taker
0.5%
0.05%


49 (28%)
(10%)
(9%)
Stop limit Cryptocurrency Exchanges - Bullseye.io
United-States-of-America 6.03 BTC 0.1%
4 (92%)
(7%)
(0%)
Be aware of different transaction history on your pionex.us mobile app and website. Your profit is not final what it shows on your account using website is way different than using mobile app. Check yours and compare them.
Nigeria 4.97 BTC
0.3%
0.1%

92 (25%)
(23%)
(11%)
Nigeria vs. Binance: A Landmark Legal Battle in Crypto Regulation
India 4.14 BTC 0.2%
111 (43%)
(41%)
(2%)
ARK added to Bitcoiva exchange
Unknown 4.11 BTC
0.03%
-0.005%
29 (49%)
(15%)
(11%)
Decentralized Should i go for g5 luffy?
United-Kingdom 3.21 BTC
Maker
0.15%
0%
Taker
0.25%
0.01%



337 (16%)
(15%)
(12%)
Margin trading
GHS Trading
Cloud Mining
Credit/Debit cards
Crypto.com is back to No.2
Isle-of-Man 3.18 BTC 1%
2 (99%)
(0%)
Credit/Debit cards Do people here not use cryptoexchanges to buy bitcoin?
Italy 2.85 BTC 0%

9 (27%)
(26%)
(20%)
India 2.65 BTC
0.4%
0.1%

505 (22%)
(18%)
(12%)
Stop Limit Are you evaluating Indian crypto exchanges differently after the wazirx hack?
Chile 2.57 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0.1%
Taker
0.8%
0.2%
7 (95%)
(2%)
(1%)
r/Bitcoin recap - October 2018
Thailand 1.16 BTC 0.25%
55 (60%)
(19%)
(12%)
XRP Tops Thailand's Asset Performance Charts for 9th Consecutive Month
India 0.44 BTC
0.3%
0.2%

188 (24%)
(23%)
(8%)
Bitcoin Meetup: Stories from Bitcoiners who saw it at ₹500 [Tomorrow, 6th Sept]
United-Kingdom 0.43 BTC 0%
6 (59%)
(22%)
(17%)
Brainstorming and collating information and sources to aid us in the upcoming battle in the UK over exchanges criminally delisting BSV.
Brazil 0.18 BTC
0.5%
0.1%

69 (52%)
(36%)
(4%)
The latest Bitcoin Breakdown newsletter issue is now live. See a sneak peek of the Quick Bits and Quick Media sections below. Full issue link is in the comments.
United-Kingdom 0.05 BTC
Maker
0.4%
0%
Taker
0.45%
0.06%

18 (100%)
(0%)
(0%)
Margin trading
Brazil 0.04 BTC 0.2%
1 (100%)
New-Zealand 0.00 BTC
0.8%
0.4%
1 (100%) Floating Orders Kiwi-Coin (Est. 2014) Shuts Jan 1, 2026 - NZ OG BTC Exchange Latest De-Risking Casualty
Brazil 0.00 BTC 0.12%
1 (100%)
Unknown 0 BTC 0.2% 42 No KYC required
Slovenia 0 BTC
Maker
0.5%
0.01%
Taker
0.5%
0.03%


0 Mining What are you guys doing with NiceHash payouts? Hold, sell, or DCA into other coins?
Indonesia 0 BTC
Maker
0.21%
0.2%
Taker
0.31%
0.3%

487 Recent Reported Crypto Investment Platforms and How to Report Them
Australia 0 BTC
Maker
0.1%
-0.01%
Taker
0.1%
0.01%
104 Futures contract
(100x leverage)
Brazil 0 BTC 0% 44 August Report for Brazil Proposal
127 exchanges from 42 countries (updated )